⚙️ Operating Systems

Kernel • Process Management • Memory • File Systems • Concurrency • Virtualization

Master the core of computing — from bootloaders and schedulers to virtual memory, file systems, and distributed OS fundamentals.

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Operating Systems Concepts & Algorithms

Beginner

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OS Basics

What is an OS, boot process, system calls, kernel vs user mode.

System Calls

File, process, communication, device I/O.

Processes

Process states, PCB, context switching, creation.

Threads

User vs kernel threads, models, concurrency.

CPU Scheduling

FCFS, SJF, Round Robin, Priority, Multilevel.

Real-Time Scheduling

Rate monotonic, EDF, deadline.

Process Synchronization

Race conditions, critical section, mutex, semaphores.

Semaphores

Binary, counting, implementation.

Monitors & Condition Variables

High-level synchronization.

Deadlocks

Prevention, avoidance (Banker's), detection.

Memory Management

Contiguous, paging, segmentation.

Paging

Page tables, TLB, page faults.

Segmentation

Segments, sharing, protection.

Virtual Memory

Demand paging, page replacement algorithms.

Page Replacement

FIFO, LRU, Optimal, Clock, LFU.

Allocation Strategies

First-fit, best-fit, worst-fit, buddy system.

File Systems

Files, directories, operations, mounting.

File Allocation

Contiguous, linked, indexed, FAT, inodes.

Journaling & FS Recovery

ext3/ext4, NTFS, crash recovery.

I/O Systems

Device drivers, interrupts, polling, DMA.

Disk Scheduling

FCFS, SSTF, SCAN, C-SCAN, LOOK.

Virtualization

Type 1/2 hypervisors, VMs, containers.

Containerization

Docker, namespaces, cgroups.

OS Security

Authentication, access control, SELinux, capabilities.

Cryptography in OS

Encryption, secure boot, TPM.

Distributed OS

Transparency, communication, synchronization.

Distributed Consensus

Paxos, Raft, Byzantine fault tolerance.

Linux Kernel

Architecture, modules, system calls, proc.

Linux Scheduling

CFS, real-time, load balancing.

Linux Memory Management

MM, OOM, swap, huge pages.

Windows OS Internals

NT kernel, registry, processes, threads.

Windows Memory

VAD, page file, working set.

Real-Time OS

Hard/soft RT, task priorities, synchronization.

Embedded OS

FreeRTOS, Zephyr, resource-constrained.

OS Performance

Benchmarking, tuning, profiling, tracing.

eBPF & Observability

Dynamic tracing, monitoring, security.

Boot Process

BIOS/UEFI, bootloader, kernel init.

Firmware & UEFI

UEFI, ACPI, device tree.

System

Firmware